Anthropogenic activities such as deforestation, urbanization, plantation agriculture, logging, and sand mining are well-established drivers of river system degradation and ecological imbalance within river basins. These activities have disrupted natural river flows and significantly altered land cover, adversely impacting both environmental conditions and local ecosystems. This study examines the impacts of land use changes and climate change on river equilibrium morphology in the Sungai Padas basin. The research involved developing digital maps to model storm events for 48- hour critical storm durations across 2-, 5-, 10-, 20-, 50-, 100-, and 1000-year Average Recurrence Intervals (ARI), considering both current and future land use changes (Scenarios 1a and 1b). Additionally, scenarios incorporating a Climate Change Factor (CCF) were assessed for the 2-, 5-, 10-, 20-, 50-, and 100-year ARIs for the Sungai Padas basin (Scenarios 2 and 3). The HEC-HMS model was employed to generate runoff hydrographs that reflect the effects of land use and climate change, while HECRAS was used to develop a hydraulic model simulating open channel and overbank flows under unsteady conditions, resulting in flood inundation maps. Sediment sampling conducted in September and December 2020 from five sites along Sungai Padas identified average bed material sizes (d50) ranging from 0.20 to 0.31 mm, classifying the river as a medium sand-bed system. Sediment rating curves were developed for three locations along Sungai Padas, based on total sediment load and discharge (Q) measurements. Furthermore, a hydrodynamic sediment transport model using Yang’s unit stream power function (1973) was developed to simulate channel-bed profile changes and identify areas of sedimentation and erosion along Sungai Padas and Sungai Pegalan. The simulation indicated a maximum sediment deposition of 5.59 m and erosion of 5.00 m following storm events. In total, 26 digital maps were produced, highlighting changes in bed elevation and potential locations for bank erosion. The simulation results for all scenarios (1a, 1b, 2, and 3) consistently identified bank erosion at the same locations. Based on these findings, a strategic approach to erosion and sediment control in response to land use changes and climate change impacts has been proposed. The management and development plans include eight action plans aimed at minimizing the effects of erosion and sedimentation to achieve sediment equilibrium for the Sungai Padas basin.

Membrane separation and photocatalytic degradation are essential technologies for wastewater purification, but they encounter challenges like membrane fouling and low photocatalytic efficiency. The integration of photocatalysis and membrane technology, along with the creation of a heterojunction photocatalyst, proves to be a promising solution by enhancing the efficiency of charge carrier transport. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and tungsten disulfide (WS2) are key components, each offering unique benefits such as TiO2 stability and WS2 strong adsorption of visible light. TiO2/WS2 is synthesized through a one-step hydrothermal method at distinct hydrothermal times. A TiO2/WS2 photocatalytic membrane is constructed using the co-extrusion technique, with varying ratios of TiO2/WS2. The membrane undergoes characterization for both morphology and properties, as well as photocatalytic testing. TiO2/WS2 synthesized over a 20 h hydrothermal period is selected for deposition into the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane matrix. The resulting 0.5 wt% TiO2/WS2 photocatalytic membrane exhibits improved wettability, high porosity, and favorable water flux, demonstrating outstanding photocatalytic activity with an 85.3% degradation of bisphenol A (BPA) under visible light. The membrane also shows an 80.4% rejection of 1 mg/L BPA in dark conditions. In terms of energy storage, the 0.5 wt% TiO2/WS2 photocatalytic membrane exhibits a BPA photocatalytic performance resulting in 51.0% photodegradation, while the rejection rate reaches 27.4% for BPA removal after 120 min. In conclusion, the TiO2/WS2 photocatalytic membrane serves as a versatile solution, enhancing both photocatalytic degradation and rejection capabilities, with potential for energy storage in removing BPA from aquatic environments, regardless of light presence.

The extensive use and disposal of various petroleum-derived plastics has become a major cause of environmental pollution. The urgent need for sustainable materials to address plastic waste have resulted in the production of biodegradable plastics. In this study, a biodegradable plastic film is produced by incorporating chitosan with starch from Malaysian cassava (Manihot esculenta), utilizing the multihydroxyl properties of cassava starch. The results show that the addition of chitosan as a filler in cassava starch improves the physicochemical properties of the material, producing a bioplastic film with high compressive strength and resistance to water molecules. The contact angle of the developed biopolymer has been improved – from θ = 67.4° to θ = 97.8° – with the addition of the –NH functional group in the molecule, as confirmed by attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (v = 1555 cm−1). The tensile strength of bioplastic increases with chitosan content, proving its greater rigidity compared to bioplastic without chitosan. Additionally, the fastest biodegradation rate (9 days) occurs in the composition with high amounts of cassava in a ratio of 6:4 (cassava:chitosan). The bioplastic produced in this study readily decomposes in the environment, making it more sustainable, eco-friendlier, and providing an alternative to mitigate the use of single-use thermoplastics.

Tidal influence plays a significant role in coastal hydrodynamics as the impact may lead to coastal erosion. Tanjung Sedeli located on the southern coast of Malaysia is exposed to low tidal issues which disrupts the navigation of local fishermen due to the shallow river mouth in the area. This study presents the hydrodynamic processes along the shoreline of Tanjung Sedeli. BLUEKENUE was used as the pre-processor to create a bathymetry file and perform mesh generation to set up the initial model boundary which functions as input files for numerical study. TELEMAC2D further processes the hydrodynamic data (tides and currents), calibrated, and validated with the measured field data collected between 24th September to 6th October 2020 covering both spring and neap tide conditions. The nature of tides in the area was mainly mixed tides, predominantly semidiurnal tides. Modelled hydrodynamic values show good conformity with field measurements with an error of 1.4% for water level values, 10.6% and 20o for current speed and direction respectively. Water flows north into the estuary during spring tide with maximum velocity is 0.756m/s surrounding the river mouth and Pulau Tagal. Low velocity values were recorded at the left bank of the river (0.028 m/s) and Pulau Tagal (0.085 m/s) during spring tide. This study provides information on current hydrodynamic condition of the study are

The growing attention to microplastics stems from their significant environmental and human impacts. Microplastic accumulation in the environment also contributes to the spread of micropollutants. Daily human activities involving the use of plastics, especially synthetic materials, lead to their eventual presence in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Although WWTPs play a crucial role in removing microplastics during the treatment process, the technologies currently in use are not entirely effective in filtering out all microplastic particles. As a result, WWTPs are recognized as major contributors to microplastic release into the environment. This review delves into the sources and prevalence of microplastics, the methods used for their removal in WWTPs, and the potential risks they pose to human health. Several removal methods are discussed, including sedimentation and flotation, activated sludge and sedimentation, reverse osmosis, and rapid sand filtration. The efficiency of each method is critically assessed, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses in addressing microplastic contamination. Moreover, this review underscores the importance of ongoing comprehensive research and development to improve the removal efficiency of microplastics in WWTPs. Efforts to optimize existing removal techniques and investigate new technologies should be intensified to achieve more holistic microplastic removal. By tackling the microplastics issue at the WWTP level, we can reduce their release into the environment, thereby diminishing potential health risks. In conclusion, the environmental presence of microplastics and their associated micropollutants demands robust removal strategies within WWTPs.

There are thousands of ponds and small lakes in Perak created naturally or as a result of past mining activities in the 1800s and 1900s. Some of these small water bodies have been converted to lake park to provide other ecosystem services such as recreation besides having potential to be used as alternative water supply. Most of these lakes were not monitored nor evaluated in terms of their water quality or trophic conditions to enable better understanding of their safe application for recreation. Water quality sampling was performed at sixteen lakes and ponds in Perak involving in situ and ex-situ measurements of ten environmental parameters. About six lakes have very low dissolved oxygen (DO) levels needed to sustain aquatic life and few lakes have very low transparency levels (<0.3 m) to be compatible for primary contact recreational use. More than 75% of the study lakes and ponds were nutrient rich. Trophic state analyses using different indices developed for temperate and tropical environments showed one lake in oligotrophic condition, five lakes in mesotrophic to eutrophic conditions and 10 lakes in eutrophic to hypereutrophic conditions. Hypereutrophic lakes were characterised as having low DO, high nutrient, turbidity, and chlorophyll a. This study found some deviations among the trophic classification of lakes between temperate and tropical indices and suggests the use of a suitable trophic index to provide better understanding of the trophic conditions of waterbodies in Perak. Continuous monitoring using the specific water quality criteria and standards for lakes will support preservation of lake ecosystem health.

Climate change alters the climate condition and ocean environment, leading to accelerated coastal erosion and a shift in the coastline shape. From previous studies, Southeast Asia's coastal region is suffering from severe coastal erosion. It is most sensitive and vulnerable to climate change, has broad and densely populated coastlines, and is under ecological pressure. Efforts to systematically review these studies are still insufficient despite many studies on the climate change linked to coastal erosion, the correlation between coastal erosion and coastal communities, and the adaptative measures to address these issues and their effectiveness in Southeast Asia. Therefore, by analyzing the existing literature, the purpose of this review was to bridge the knowledge gap and identify the link between climate change and coastal erosion in Southeast Asia in terms of sea-level rise, storm surge, and monsoon patterns. The RepOrting standards for Systematic Evidence Syntheses (ROSES) guided the study protocol, including articles from the Scopus and Dimension databases. There were five main themes considered: 1) climate change impact, 2) contributing factors to coastal erosion, 3) coastal erosion impact on coastal communities, 4) adaptation measure and 5) effectiveness of adaptation measure using thematical analysis. Subsequently, nine sub-themes were produced from the themes. Generally, in Southeast Asia, coastal erosion was reflected by the rising sea level. Throughout reviewing past literature, an interesting result was explored. Storm surges also had the potential to affect coastal erosion due to alterations of the atmospheric system and seasonal monsoon as the result of climate change. Meanwhile, an assessment of current erosion control strategies in relation to the relative hydrodynamic trend was required to avoid the failure of defence structures and the resulting danger to coastal communities. Systematically reviewing the existing literature was critical, hence it could significantly contribute to the body of knowledge. It provides valuable information for interested parties, such as authorities, the public, researchers, and environmentalists, while comprehending existing adaptation practices. This kind of review could strategize adaptation and natural resource management in line with coastal communities' needs, abilities, and capabilities in response to environmental and other change forms

Pemahaman umum berkenaan greywater adalah air sisa yang terhasil daripada aktiviti cucian pakaian, pembasuhan pinggan mangkuk, dapur, mandian, dan cucian kereta. Walau bagaimanapun, definisi yang tepat dan urus tadbir dari segi aspek perundangan, kawalan pelepasan dan piawaian kualiti air berkaitan greywater di Malaysia adalah masih longgar dan perlu diperkasakan. Pemahaman umum bahawa greywater adalah sebahagian daripada air kumbahan juga adalah tidak tepat kerana greywater dan air kumbahan memiliki kualiti dan karakter yang amat berbeza. Sehubungan itu dalam usaha kerajaan menambahbaik pengurusan greywater di Malaysia, pihak NAHRIM telah dilantik oleh Jabatan Perkhidmatan Pembetungan (JPP) sebagai agensi pelaksana untuk menjalankan kajian analisis situasi semasa berkaitan tadbir-urus greywater di Malaysia. Kajian ini melihat kepada keperluan menentukan aktiviti-aktiviti yang menjadi punca utama penghasilan greywater, mengenalpasti parameter-parameter kualiti air yang boleh dijadikan indikator penentuan punca pencemaran greywater, menambahbaik garis panduan sedia ada terutama dari segi takrifan dan tafsiran greywater, kelompongan undang-undang sedia ada dan memperlihatkan teknologi rawatan pelepasan greywater hasil kajian kepakaran tempatan. Objektif yang disasarkan dalam kajian ini adalah untuk memperkasakan pengurusan dan pentadbiran greywater di Malaysia terutama aspek kualiti air dan pencemaran yang terangkum di bawah bidang kuasa kementerian. Oleh yang demikian, kajian perintis ini akan memberi fokus kepada pengenalpastian parameter-parameter yang boleh menjadi ukuran tahap pencemaran greywater, menentukan punca-punca pelepasan greywater dan aktiviti-aktiviti yang menyumbang kepada pelepasan greywater. Standard dan piawaian yang diamalkan oleh negara-negara maju seperti Australia dan Singapura dijadikan rujukan utama dalam kajian ini kerana Malaysia masih belum mempunyai standard khusus bagi mengawal-selia kualiti air pelepasan greywater ke dalam longkang dan sungai. Buku infografik ini juga turut mengetengahkan tadbir urus, penguatkuasaan serta kawalan yang dilaksanakan oleh pihak berkuasa tempatan mengikut daerah dan negeri iaitu di Bahagian Dua dan Bahagian Tiga buku ini. Salah satu komponen penting dalam buku ini juga adalah kupasan berkenaan inovasi dan teknologi rawatan greywater yang dibangunkan oleh jabatan, institusi dan universiti tempatan seperti yang dipaparkan di bahagian empat buku infografik ini. Inovasi dan teknologi yang telah dibangunkan dengan kepakaran tempatan diharap dapat menjadi rujukan untuk membantu jabatan yang berkaitan dan pihak berkuasa tempatan dalam usaha mengawal pencemaran greywater, memperkasa kaedah tadbir-urus sedia ada dan mengalakkan penggunaan semula greywater.

Groundwater is critical in countries such as Jordan, yet demand exceeds availability due to population expansion and arid conditions. The goal of this research is to address water scarcity and adapt to reduced rainfall by investigating the soil aquifer and evaluating the efficiency of managed aquifer recharge (MAR). The Wadi Araba Basin's alluvium aquifer is particularly important and contains a groundwater divide, with water flowing towards the Red Sea to the south and the Dead Sea to the north, as determined by rigorous modelling and scenario analysis. Precipitation infiltration is an important consideration in groundwater budget modelling. This study employs 12 monitoring wells to establish an acceptable relationship between estimated and observed water levels. Furthermore, the study creates a MAR suitability map, which evaluates eight potential MAR locations in the Wadi Araba region. According to forecasted scenarios, implementing MAR in conjunction with increased precipitation recharge has the potential to ameliorate the consequences of decreased rainfall in the model region. The plan aims to raise the water table in three areas by 1.96–3.12%, providing realistic solutions to enhance water availability and adapt to climate change.

Extracting water from pumping well near to river in riverbank filtration systems leads to the natural treatment for surface water. To increase the system efficiency, the well should be located at a distance from the river in which the well can produce high percentage of river water that satisfies the requirements of water quality. In case the well is located between river and a contaminant source, its location should be relocated to a suitable place between the two sources. In this article, an analytical solution is produced to specify the suitable distance of pumping well and polluted river in a riverbank filtration systems if there is a contaminant source to the present well. The analytical solution is obtained by using Green’s function. This approach is chosen because of its simplicity for solving multidimensional problems, and its flexibility to deal with arbitrary initial and boundary conditions. The model is compared with numerical one obtained by using MODFLOW software. The results indicate that the location obtained from proposed model is suitable for use to determine the well location. Additionally, the results show that increasing either the pumping rate or initial contaminant concentration leads to an increment to the distance between river well.

The National Lake Water Quality Criteria and Standards (NLWQS) for Malaysian lake water use is essentially a user needs specification of the quality of water required for different protection uses. The criteria is intended to provide the required information in making judgments as to the fitness of lake water for human protection (i.e. recreational purposes) and aquatic life protection (i.e. ecosystem health). The NLWQS are applicable to any lake or reservoir, dams, ponds and other impoundments water of any usage or purposes. This standard is also to be used by the owner of the water body as a primary source of information and decision-support to judge the fitness of the said water body and for other water quality management purposes.

Tangki NAHRIM, a desktop application developed in 2008, is widely used for the calculation of optimal tank size for rainwater harvesting in Malaysia. Here we present an overview of the updated version, Tangki NAHRIM 2.0 (TN2) which was developed in the R computing environment. In TN2, a rainwater harvesting system is simulated using a daily water balance model with rainfall input from a built-in database by adopting the yield-after-spillage (YAS) convention. Proposed tank sizes are evaluated based on water saving and storage efficiencies. These results are then visualised in charts showing the relationships between tank sizes and both efficiency measures to help users select the optimal tank size based on their criteria of choice. A simulation was conducted based on a typical Malaysian household for domestic non-potable use as a case study. A web-based GUI for TN2 was devel- oped in R Shiny framework for the public. The GUI has the advantage of being accessible online from any device, and will be able to facilitate the adoption of rainwater harvesting systems by the public at large.

The objective of this guideline is to assist engineers, hydrologists and decision makers in designing, planning and developing water-related infrastructure under changing climatic conditions. The aim is to introduce an approach of quantifying the scale of climatic change to surface water systems, particularly due to variability and fluctuations in precipitation pattern, through the development of climate change factor and reformulation of the developed Intensity-Duration-Frequency relationship by DID for future conditions.

Institut Penyelidikan Air Kebangsaan Malaysia (NAHRIM) melalui Pusat Kajian Kualiti Air dan Alam Sekitar (PKKAAS) telah menjalankan Kajian awal kaedah pengiraan kadar harga air mentah berdasarkan kepada aspek perkhidmatan ekosistem. Beberapa siri perbincangan bersama pihak Kementerian Alam Sekitar dan Air (KASA), Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara (SPAN) dan Bahagian Bekalan Air (BBA) bagi memastikan hasil kajian ini memenuhi keperluan agensi-agensi berkaitan. Hasil dapatan kajian awal ini mendapati sumber air yang bersih mempunyai nilai ekonomi yang tinggi berbanding sumber air yang tercemar yang bukan sahaja kurang nilai ekonominyatetapi juga berisiko mendatangkan kemudaratan kepada ekosistem dan alam sekitar.

Information and knowledge available within NAHRIM is considerable. Thus, knowledge management seems to be essential in helping NAHRIM to protect and utilise knowledge effectively. This research project aims to understand the current environment of NAHRIM in managing its data, information and knowledge. Thus, this project proposes a knowledge management strategy framework that is able to integrate the information and knowledge that is currently available in the existing system into a component of knowledge management systems. This project involves three stages: 1) Analysis of current KM practices in organisations; 2) Online survey with NAHRIM staff; 3) Interview with top management; and 4) Discussions on findings and recommendations. Based on the survey and interview, it was found that NAHRIM is dependent on the knowledge that can be found in explicit (documented knowledge) and tacit (experience, skills, and expertise) form. Mostly the knowledge needed in NAHRIM relies on employees’ tacit knowledge, which is employees’ experiences, skills and expertise accumulated for a number of years. This type of knowledge needs to be protected to avoid loss when the employees retire and leave the company. Knowledge management provides the solutions to manage knowledge through the processes of knowledge creation, storing, dissemination and application. These processes enable tacit knowledge to be converted to explicit so that it can be reused by other organisational members. Therefore, knowledge management strategies are needed to guide NAHRIM in implementing successful knowledge management.

Dirian hutan yang wujud di sepanjang pesisiran pantai memainkan peranan yang amat penting kepada kesejahteraan penduduk pesisir yang tinggal berhampiran dengan pantai dari segi sosio-ekonomi, alam sekitar dan keselamatan. Kawasan ini juga menjadi habitat penting kepada flora dan fauna serta hidupan marin. Di samping itu, ianya merupakan lapisan zon semulajadi yang melindungi pesisir pantai dari kuasa fizikal alam seperti ombak, arus dan ribut taufan serta mencegah dan mengurangkan kadar hakisan pantai. Program Penanaman Pokok Bakau dan Spesies-Spesies Yang Sesuai di Pesisiran Pantai Negara yang telah dilaksanakan sejak tahun 2005 adalah salah satu program nasional jangka panjang bertujuan untuk mencapai objektif dan keberhasilan (outcome) iaitu: supaya pesisir pantai menjadi lapisan pelindungan semulajadi yang stabil, mencegah kemusnahan disebabkan hakisan tanah, pukulan ombak dan tiupan angin kencang, pemuliharaan habitat dan kepelbagaian biologi serta kawasan zon penampan yang kukuh dan stabil. Sepanjang tahun 2005 hingga 2012, sejumlah 6.3 juta pokok bakau san spesies-spesies yang sesuai telah ditanam se sepanjang pesisiran pantai negara dengan jumlah keluasan 2,383 hektar. Kajian penilaian outcome program ini telah dilaksanakan pada tahun 2013 bagi menilai pencapaian sasaran output dan outcome. Berdasarkan kajian yang dijalankan, program ini telah Berjaya mencapai objektif yang telah ditetapkan seperti berikut :- Pertama, untuk memelihara pesisiran pantai sebagai lindungan semulajadi bagi mengurangkan kemusnahan akibat kejadian alam dan hakisan tanah. Kajian mendapati bahawa 78% lokasi yang ditanam telah mencapai tahap stabil manakala 22% lokasi dijangka stabil dalam tempoh 2 hinga 3 tahun. Dari aspek litupan silara, 62% lokasi yang ditanam telah mempunyai litupan silara yang baik, manakala 38% dijangka mempunyai silara yang baik dalam tempoh 3 hinga 5 tahun. Disamping itu, program ini memberi manfaat dengan melindungi penduduk di sekitar 61 buah mukim yang melibatkan 201 buah kampong di Semenanjung Malaysia. Purata jumlah penduduk yang terlibat adalah sekitar 100,000 orang per mukim. Kedua, untuk mewujudkan zon penampan bagi menahan kekuatan ombak dan angin kencang serta mencegah pencemaran alam sekitar. Kajian mendapati kawasan hutan pesisir pantai mampu menjadi zon penampan dimana terdapat 28 kawasan yang ditanam dengan pokok bakau mempunyai kelebaran zon penampan melebihi 100 meter. Di samping itu, terdapat 6 kawasan yang ditanam dengan pokok rhu dan spesies-spesies lain mempunyai kelebaran zon penampan melebihi 100 meter. Ketiga, untuk memulihkan habitat pesisiran pantai yang menjadi koridor kepada kepelbagaian biologi serta memperkayakan sumber hasil pantai. Kajian mendapati terdapat 409 lokasi telah dipulihkan yang menjadi korodor kepelbagaian biologi. Di samping itu, hasil kajian penilaian karbon mendapati pokok bakau yang berumur 4 hingga 13 tahun mampu menyimpan karbon di antara 7.25 hingga 83.35 tan kabon dengan kadar sekuestrasi karbon adalah antara 1.7 hingga 6.0 tan karbon per hektar setahun. Bagi pokok rhu dan spesies-spesies lain yang berumur 4 hingga 7 tahun pula mampu menyimpan karbon di antara 3.02 hingga 103.62 tan karbon dengan kadar sekuestrasi karbon adala antara 1.7 hingga 6.0 tan karbon per hektar setahun. Keempat, untuk meningkatkan kualiti alam sekitar dan nilai estetika sebagai daya tarikan pelancong. Kajian memdapati 6 kawasan yang terpulih telah dibangunkan sebagai kawasan yang sesuai untuk aktiviti rekreasi, ekopelancongan serta tapak pembelajaran dan penyelidikan. Kawasan yang terlibat ialah di Seberang Pintasan, Dungun, Terengganu; Delta Kelantan, Tumpat, Kelantan; Pantai Segari, Manjung, Perak; Seberang Jaya, Perlis; Pantai Penarek, Setiu, Terengganu; dan Parit Unas Laut, Muar, Johor. Kajian sosio-ekonomi dari aspek pendapatan isirumah, pengurangan kadar kemiskinan, tingkat kesanggupan membayar bagi tujuan konservasi dan anggaran nilai stok karbon telah dijalankan di Delta Kelantan. Secara keseluruhannya, program ini telah memberi impak positif secara langsung kepada pembangunan sosio-ekonomi masyarakat setempat. Kelima, untuk meningkatkan kesedaran masyarakat tentang kepentingan ekosistem HPL. Program ini telah berjaya melibatkan sejumlah 32,115 orang dalam aktiviti penanaman pokok dan kempen kesedaran di kalangan pelajar sekolah dan institusi pengajian tinggi, nelayan, penduduk pesisir pantai, jabatan/agensi Kerajaan, NGO dan pihak swasta. Sejak tahun 2005, sebanyak 11 pertubuhan/NGO tempatan telah terlibat secara aktif secara kerjasama dengan NRE dalam pelbagai aktiviti pemeliharaan dan pemuliharaan ekosistem HPL. Bagi menyokong pencapaian objektif program secara menyeluruh, sebanyak 52 penerbitan yang terdiri daripada buku-buku panduan penanaman, laporan hasil kajian R&D, laporan tahunan dan prosiding seminar telah menjadi rujukan rasmi pelbagai pihak di peringkat persekutuan dan negeri. Kesimpulannya, sasaran output dan outcome program ini telah berjaya dicapai dan memberi manfaat kepada kumpulan sasar dan kelangsungan pemuliharaan ekosistem pesisiran pantai negara. Usaha pemeliharaan dan pemuliharaan ekosistem pesisiran pantai merupakan satu tanggungjawab yang mencabar dan berhadapan dengan persekitaran yang dinamik dan berisiko tinggi yang memerlukan perancangan yang rapi, peruntukan kewangan yang besar, teknologi yang bersesuaian dan kesedaran di kalangan masyarakat. Justeru, usaha memelihara dan memulihara akan diteruskan di masa akan datang dan semestinya outcome daripada program ini akan lebih signifikan kepada kesejahteraan hidup masyarakat dan kestabilan alam sekitar.

Pembangunan era millennium telah memberi tekanan berikutan peningkatan permintaan air oleh sektor air dan pertambahan populasi di Malaysia. Bencana kemarau kesan fenomena El-Nino juga menyumbang kepada gangguan bekalan air bersih di Lembah Klang sekitar tahun 1998. Dalam usaha untuk meminimakan impak kekurangan air, Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan (KPKT) telah mengetengahkan usaha Kerajaan agar setiap pembinaan rumah direkabentuk dengan fasiliti Sistem Penuaian Air Hujan (SPAH). SPAH telah dilaksanakan di bangunan-bangunan kerajaan sediada dan bangunan-bangunan awam yang lain sebagai galakan terhadap pengurangan kebergantungan ke atas sumber air terawat. Tambahan lagi, SPAH merupakan salah satu alternatif yang sejajar dengan perlaksanaan pembangunan hijau yang mampan. Terkini, secara rasminya terdapat sepuluh negeri (Johor, Selangor, Perak, Kelantan, Perlis, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Pulau Pinang, Pahang dan Kedah) telah digazetkan oleh Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan (PBT) untuk perlaksanaan SPAH.

PREFACE It gives It gives us a great pleasure to publish this framework document for managing our precious water resources and the water-related risks associated with climate change to leaders and policy-makers in Malaysia. This framework also aims to facilitate the formulation of sound policies and best practices that support sustainable water management and ensure water security, especially in dealing with climate change impacts. This interdisciplinary and multi-sectoral is the work of climate scientists, adaptation experts, government officials, private sectors, non-governmental organizations and civil society leaders in Malaysia. It was developed based on five pillars, which are: knowledge, management, implementation, gaps, and what’s next. We recommend this framework document to be a reference to our leaders and policymakers. By adopting the five pillars and building partnerships, which involved thegovernment and various stakeholders, we believe that this framework is comprehensive enough to support the country’s agenda towards enhancing the water security. Finally, special thanks go to the team for their hard work towards the successful publication of this book. Dato’ Seri Ir. Dr. Zaini bin Ujang Secretary General Ministry of Environment and Water Dato’ Ir. Dr. Hj. Md. Nasir bin Md. Noh Director General National Water Research Institute of Malaysia

The Ministry of Natural Resources, Environment, and Climate Change (NRECC) through the National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM) has conducted a study on the floods that hit the East Coast states of Peninsular Malaysia, namely Kelantan, Terengganu, and Pahang in December 2022. During a brief meeting to prepare for the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) program following the floods in the East Coast states, NAHRIM was directed to compile and analyse hydrological and meteorological data from the Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia (JPS) and the Malaysian Meteorological Department (MET Malaysia) for the Northeast Monsoon season that is estimated to end until March 2023.

Pusat Kajian Sumber Air dan Perubahan Iklim (PKSA) telah melaksanakan kajian mengenai potensi kegunaan air hujan untuk tujuan air minuman (pembotolan minuman air hujan) melalui pelaksanaan projek penyelidikan sistem inkubator yang dibina di bangunan Makmal Hidraulik & Instrumentasi (MHI). Objektif utama kajian adalah untuk mengumpul, merawat, dan membotolkan air hujan sebagai air minuman yang mematuhi spesifikasi piawai air minuman berbungkus. Produk akhir adalah pembotolan air hujan sebagai air minuman berbungkus yang menggunakan dua sumber tadahan air hujan. 1. Air Minuman Berbungkus Jenama CloudRain@NAHRIM (Air Hujan Terawat) Kajian mengenai potensi kegunaan air hujan untuk tujuan air minuman (pembotolan air hujan) melalui pelaksanaan projek penyelidikan Sistem Penuaian Air Hujan (SPAH) yang dibina di Surau Taqi Al-Din, NAHRIM dan Inkubator Air Minuman Berbungkus (AMB) – Pemprosesan air hujan terawat yang dibina di NAHRIM. 2. Air Minuman Berbungkus Jenama Raindrops (Air Hujan Terawat) Institut Penyelidikan Hidraulik Kebangsaan Malaysia (NAHRIM) telah melaksanakan kajian mengenai potensi kegunaan air hujan untuk tujuan air minuman (pembotolan air hujan) melalui pelaksanaan projek penyelidikan Sistem Penuaian Air Hujan (SPAH) yang dibina di Taman Negara Kuala Tahan, Pahang dan Inkubator Air Minuman Berbungkus (AMB) – Pemprosesan air hujan terawat yang dibina di NAHRIM.